Advice Pool - Reference and Education

Hairy, bipedal creatures haunt the backcountry of our world. Science dismisses them as specters of our imaginations, while many who believe in their existence brush them off as just big, dumb agpes. Certainly, they lack the attributes we associate with sentient life:

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

self-awareness, language, culture, burial customs, art, and music.

But we can really claim to own the copyright to those behaviors? How smart are Bigfoots? Animals possess keen intelligence, the ability to make crude tools, and emotions akin to human feelings. We c

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

n learn a great deal about Bigfoot intelligence by examining the intellect of animals.

Parrots can talk. Everyone knows this. But few of us realize that the vocal repertoire of these birds extends beyond mere mimicry into the realm of communication. Parrots can lear

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

n to identify objects and speak the correct names for those objects. A parrot named Alex, owned by Dr. Irene Pepperberg of the University of Arizona, can identify objects by color, shape, and material. He also understands relative differences: "bigger," "smaller," "s

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

me," and "different." Dr. Pepperberg refuses to label Alex's speech as language, though the implications seem clear. If a parrot can identify objects, he must use deductive reasoning to rule out the possibilities. Is the material wool, or cotton candy? Even if the wo

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

ol is pink like cotton candy, Alex can distinguish the materials.

Other scientists have dismissed Alex's abilities as a fluke or, more cynically, as unconscious cues from Dr. Pepperberg. Detractors point to other instances of animals whose miraculous abilities were

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

hown to stem from cues in the trainer's body language rather than from the animal's own mind. To date, however, no one has proven that Alex's speech skills originate in Dr. Pepperberg's actions instead of his intellect.

Apes have demonstrated considerable talents in

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

the area of nonverbal communication. They've also shown signs of what can be interpreted as consciousness. Many skeptics continue to assert that animals cannot possess consciousness, since they lack the ability to formulate languages. However, we base our idea of wh

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

t constitutes a language solely on our own species. Who can say that animals don't have language? Does a dog's barking convey different meanings to other dogs depending on the pitch and duration? Can gorillas converse through gestures? Until we can telepathically ent

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

er the minds of animals, and listen in to their thoughts, we shouldn't presume to understand their mental processes. We can, however, examine their behavior for clues.

The most notable example of nonhuman communication comes from the ape world. A gorilla named Koko

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

as learned to communicate with her handlers via sign language. She can modify her responses to indicate a specific request, such as "scratch my neck," instead of just answering yes or no. Dr. Valerie Chalcraft spoke about Koko's linguistic skills at the Gestural Comm

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

nication in Nonhuman and Human Primates Workshop at the Max Planck Institute in March 2004. Dr. Chalcraft described how, when asked where she would like to be tickled, Koko would instruct her handler to tickle a particular part of her body, such as her foot. Accordin

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

g to Dr. Chalcraft, this behavior echoes the way in which humans alter their signing to be more specific.

A study of chimpanzees found that they could both recognize their own images in mirrors and realize the image they saw as a reflection. When the researcher plac

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

d colored dots on the chimps' foreheads, the animals would touch the dot on their heads instead of the dot in the reflection on the mirror. They seemed to understand the difference between the reflected image and their own bodies, while also recognizing they'd spotte

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

d themselves in the mirror. In another case, a chimp grasped the concept of death—when informed her baby had died, Washoe became withdrawn and depressed. Chimps also can learn to make and use stone tools. In some cases, chimpanzees travel great distances to find a go

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

d rock, suitable for tool use back at the food source.

Elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the caretakers of a dolphin named Ake taught her an artificial language consisting of gestures. Each gesture represented a word: the name of an object, an action, or the position

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

of an object. Once Ake had mastered the language, the researchers complicated things by introducing grammar, constructing sentences of up to five gesture words. Ake excelled at this too. Not only did she comprehend the syntax of each sentence based on words already

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

n her vocabulary, she could understand sentences built on completely new words. She even realized when her trainers tried to trick her with nonsense words, or instructions to perform impossible tasks.

The evidence does more than suggest animals possess incredible in

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

telligence, it practically screams at us. Whether ape or hominid, Bigfoots are animals. If we underestimate the intelligence of animals whose existence no one disputes, then we must reevaluate how we measure the intelligence of a species about which we know so little

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

Animals are smart. Why should we expect less from Bigfoots?

Reference: Madl, Pierre. "Is There Something Like Language in The Animal Kingdom?" in Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, 1985.

Copyright 2007 Lisa A. Shiel
----

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

HTTP = HTML link (for blogs, profiles,phorums):
<a href="http://www.advicepool.org.ua/article/221694/advicepool-How-Smart-Are-Bigfoots.html">How Smart Are Bigfoots?</a>

BB link (for phorums):
[url=http://www.advicepool.org.ua/article/221694/advicepool-How-Smart-Are-Bigfoots.html]How Smart Are Bigfoots?[/url]

Mini affiliate sites set you apart from the thousands of other competing affiliates. By making your offer different and unique, you stand a much better chance of making more sales. And more sales mean more commission!! The 'super affiliates' use mini affiliate sites. Do you?

Have you been looking everywhere for good dental insurance? If you're currently not covered by your employer here is a great place to get low cost dental insurance coverage. You can learn about all the coverage options that exist out there, from full coverage to very basic dental plans.

When purchasing a life insurance plan, its important to understand the differences between whole life and term life insurance, as well as other types of insurance plans.

Tags

Links

Advice Pool - How Smart Are Bigfoots?

Related Articles: